Lead powder is produced by melting lead ingots at high temperature to form spherical lead pieces. These are placed into a rotating drum, where air is supplied as the drum turns. The pieces collide with each other and undergo oxidation, gradually reducing them into a fine powder.

Lead powder is mixed with diluted sulfuric acid, water, and additives to create a chemical reaction that forms lead paste, which is used as the active material for both positive and negative electrodes.

This process manufactures the grid substrate for automotive batteries. Lead ingots are processed into sheets and further rolled to achieve the required thickness. This rolling process enhances the strength and durability of the grid substrate, ensuring quality that withstands long-term use.

Sheet lead is processed into a grid pattern. Slits are pressed into the sheet, expanded into a mesh structure, and then punched to form the current collector. This grid substrate supports the electrodes and ensures efficient current flow.

The lead paste produced in the mixing process is evenly applied onto the expanded-metal grids and cut to the prescribed dimensions. This creates the positive and negative plates.

The pasted plates are dried and then transferred to a curing oven, where oxidation is accelerated. This step enhances adhesion between the grid and the paste—an essential process affecting battery performance and durability.

The case and cover of automotive batteries are molded from weather-resistant resin using injection molding. High precision and durability ensure the product withstands severe operating environments.

Positive and negative plates are stacked alternately, with separators covering the negative plates. The plates are welded to form plate groups, which are connected in series (six 2V cells) to create a 12V battery. The case is sealed, terminals are formed, and the battery structure is completed.

Diluted sulfuric acid is injected into the assembled battery, and DC current is applied to charge it. After charging and multiple inspections, the battery is approved for shipment as an automotive lead acid battery.

After final inspection, batteries are packed into cartons and shipped to customers.

Power supply units are custom-made. Estimates and electrical CAD designs are prepared based on customer requirements and installation conditions. After receiving an order, manufacturing drawings (3D-CAD) are created.

The enclosure (cubicle) that houses electrical components is manufactured using turret punch/press machines, bending, welding, and assembly. The final paint finish meets customer-specified color, coating thickness, and gloss.

Electrical components and sheet metal panels are installed in the painted enclosure. Certified technicians crimp terminals and perform wiring and line-routing tasks.

After wiring completion, continuity checks are performed. In-process inspectors conduct final assembly checks before the unit moves to testing.

Appearance and electrical characteristics are inspected to ensure compliance with drawings and specifications agreed with customers. Electrical test data is automatically recorded.

After testing, products are cleaned, packaged, loaded onto trucks, and shipped.

Units are installed at designated customer sites, and periodic maintenance services are provided for safe long-term operation.

Three separately manufactured frame sections are welded together by automated robots to form one complete frame.

Drive-system parts such as the traction motor and transmission, as well as steering components such as the steering gears, are installed onto the frame.

Electrical wiring is performed, followed by installation of the battery.

Driving tests are performed using inspection equipment, and exterior components such as cowls are installed to finish.

Completed carts are driven on a slope-equipped test course simulating a golf course. After driving and charging checks, inspection is completed.